J. FREDERICK MOTZ, District Judge.
Plaintiffs in this case, a collection of local volunteer fire and rescue departments
The following facts are uncontroverted or set forth in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587-88, 106 S.Ct. 1348, 89 L.Ed.2d 538 (1986). The Montgomery County Fire and Rescue Service ("MCFRS") is operated by both the County and a collection of independent local fire and rescue departments ("LFRDs"), which provide "fire, rescue and emergency medical services in conjunction with County employees in the Fire and Rescue Service." Code of Montgomery County Regulations ("COMCOR") § 21-1(a); § 2-39A(b). Although each LFRD is an independent corporation under Maryland law, the County has traditionally allocated public monies to fund administrative support positions at the LFRDs, including the positions formerly held by the individual Plaintiffs in this case. (First Am. Compl. ¶ 8.) Notwithstanding the public funding for these positions, however, the County Code of Regulations states that these administrative personnel are still considered employees of the individual LFRDs, not the County. See COMCOR § 21-16(a) ("Employees of local fire and rescue departments who are paid with tax funds are not County employees."); see also COMCOR § 21-16(c) ("Nothing in this Chapter means that employees of the local fire and rescue departments are County employees, either on a de jure or de facto basis.").
In May 2010, the County Council passed Budget Resolution 16-373 approving the budget for fiscal year 2011. Out of a total operating budget of approximately $1.16 billion, the County Council allocated approximately $1.58 million for the personnel costs of the LFRDs. (Budget Resolution No. 16-373: FY 2011 Operating Budget, Defs.' Ex. C, at 5-25.) Among other things, these monies were slated to be used to fund a total of twenty administrative support positions at various LFRDs. Additionally, Budget Resolution 16-373 contained a provision stating that all budget appropriations were contingent upon a requirement that the County Executive "transmit to the Council any recommended budget savings plan or similar action" for review and approval by the Council. (Budget Resolution No. 16-373, Defs.' Ex. C, at 5-14.)
As 2010 wore on, the County determined that, consistent with Resolution 16-373, it would need to implement a budget savings plan for FY 2011.
Leggett's savings plan proposal called for $14.3 million in spending cuts and the elimination of 133 publicly funded positions. (Pls.' Ex. 6, FY11 Savings Plan Proposal.) These proposed cutbacks affected a wide range of departments and services, including the MCFRS, the Department of Transportation, the Police Department, the Department of General Services, the Department of Recreation, the Public Libraries, and the Department of Health and Human Services. (Id.) Most pertinent to the instant suit, however, was a recommendation to "discontinue funding 20 LFRD civilian employees," at a savings of $592,000, and to offset their workload by creating five new administrative positions with the County. (Id.) The proposal did not recommend cutting funding for any non-volunteer administrative support positions within MCFRS, and Plaintiffs assert that LFRD funding cuts were made "solely for the purpose of punishing, and retaliating against, the LFRDs" for their opposition to the EMST fee. (First Am. Compl. ¶ 17.)
Less than two months later, on December 2, 2010, Leggett submitted to the County Council a second savings plan for FY 2011 proposing "additional reductions" in an effort to close the gap on a projected $300 million budget shortfall for FY 2012. (Pls.' Ex. 4, FY11 Revised Savings Plan Proposal, at 1.) In a cover letter accompanying this proposal, Leggett explained that further budget cuts were necessary because "tax revenues in both FY11 and FY12 are anticipated to be below previous estimates" in light of the "continued weakness in the national, regional and local economy." (Id.) The revised savings plan called for even deeper reductions and proposed $36 million in budget cuts from a range of agencies. The revised plan contained no additional LFRD budget reductions, but it did retain the earlier proposal to eliminate funding for twenty LFRD administrative positions. (Id.)
This revised savings plan was discussed at a session of the County Council on December 14, 2010. Plaintiffs contend that in testimony before the Council, Fire Chief Richard Bowers ("Bowers") spoke in support of the proposal and "promoted the impression that the Council's choices [for funding priorities] lay between `boots on the ground' and administrative personnel that readily could be supplanted by MCFRS operational personnel." (First Am. Compl. ¶ 20.) Plaintiffs also emphasize that during the session of the Council, Councilmember Elrich appeared to blame the LFRDs for the defeat of the EMST fee and the subsequent budget crunch, and he stated that he thought LFRD budgets should be cut even further than called for by the savings plan.
Two days after the passage of the savings plan, Bowers sent a letter to each LFRD stating that as of the end of the year, "LFRD employees will no longer by paid by Montgomery County." (Bowers Letter, Pls.' Ex. 3.) The letter went on to explain that each LFRD "must immediately determine if the LFRD will retain your employee or effect a Reduction in Force (RIF)." (Id.) The letter further encouraged the LFRDs to "reference Section 30 Montgomery County Personnel Regulations ["MCPR"] to process a RIF, if your LFRD elects to take this course of action." (Id.) Soon thereafter, each of the plaintiff LFRDs notified its administrative employees that it would be conducting a RIF pursuant to section 30 of the MCPR and terminating their administrative positions. (See, e.g., KVFD Termination Letter, Defs.' Ex. L.)
Given the LFRDs' active and well-publicized opposition to Bill 13-10, Plaintiffs assert that Defendants eliminated funding for the LFRD administrative positions "as retaliation for Plaintiffs' exercise of legally protected rights in having opposed ambulance fee legislation." (First Am. Compl. at 4.) Plaintiffs filed this action on January 4, 2011 in state court alleging five counts
As permitted by Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(d), Defendants seek
Count IV charges that the alleged retaliatory defunding of the LFRD's administrative support positions violates Plaintiffs' rights to free speech and freedom of association under the First Amendment to the United States Constitution and under Article 40 of the Maryland Declaration of Rights.
Plaintiffs do not dispute that the budget savings plan is a facially valid piece of legislation. Instead, Plaintiffs assert that they were unconstitutionally targeted by the savings plan, including the funding cuts to the LFRD personnel budget, solely as retaliation for their opposition to the proposed EMST fee. Necessarily, such an allegation requires an examination of Defendants' motives in enacting the savings plan. Defendants, however, maintain that in cases such as this one, where a plaintiff challenges a facially valid statute of general applicability, courts cannot look to legislative motive to demonstrate a violation of the First Amendment. Defendants are correct, and for that reason Plaintiffs fail to state a claim under the First Amendment and Article 40.
In United States v. O'Brien, 391 U.S. 367, 88 S.Ct. 1673, 20 L.Ed.2d 672 (1968), the Supreme Court reaffirmed the "familiar principle of constitutional law that this Court will not strike down an otherwise constitutional statute on the basis of an alleged illicit legislative motive." Id. at 383, 88 S.Ct. 1673. The plaintiff in that case had argued that a law banning the burning of draft cards was unconstitutional
The Fourth Circuit has faithfully applied the O'Brien rule in its own decisions. For example, in D.G. Restaurant Corp. v. City of Myrtle Beach, 953 F.2d 140 (4th Cir. 1991), the court considered a challenge to a zoning ordinance prohibiting businesses from offering topless dancing within 500 feet of certain areas. The court rejected the plaintiff's argument that the true motive of the city legislators was to restrict protected expression: "[T]he individual motives of legislators ... are rarely relevant to a court's consideration of the legitimacy of the legislation. For good reason, courts have not as a general rule found legislation unconstitutional based on the motive of the voting legislators when the legislation is facially constitutional." Id. at 146; see also McDoogal's East, Inc. v. Cnty. Comm'rs of Caroline Cnty., 341 Fed. Appx. 918, 924 (4th Cir.2009) ("[A] court will not strike down an otherwise constitutional statute on the basis of an alleged illicit legislative motive.").
The teaching of O'Brien also applies with full force to First Amendment challenges based on alleged political retaliation. Fraternal Order of Police Hobart Lodge #121, Inc. v. City of Hobart, 864 F.2d 551 (7th Cir.1988), a case involving facts strikingly similar to those presented by this suit, serves as a particularly illustrative example. In that case, the city of Hobart's mayor and city council lost a primary election when the city's police force actively supported the opposition candidate. After the primary election-but before leaving office-the lame-duck mayor and council passed a law requiring all city employees to work 40-hour weeks. Id. at 553. The law did not have an appreciable effect on most city employees, who already worked a regular five-day week, but it did affect the town's police officers, whose idiosyncratic schedule called for less than 40 hours per week. The Hobart police union and several of its members alleged that the new law was retaliation for their support of the opposition candidate in the primary election, and they brought a § 1983 action against the mayor and others alleging First Amendment violations. Id.
As an initial matter, the Hobart court accepted as true the complaint's allegation that "the only motive for the enactment of the ordinance was to punish the police for having opposed ... the very officials who enacted the ordinance." Id. at 554. Furthermore, the court noted that the council members had failed to invoke their legislative immunity in the district court and therefore had waived the right to assert it on appeal. Id. Nevertheless, the court affirmed the dismissal of the case based on the familiar principle that "courts
Plaintiffs raise two principal arguments in an attempt to avoid the reach of O'Brien and its progeny. First, Plaintiffs argue that Fourth Circuit law permits judicial scrutiny of legislative motives even when a statute is facially valid. To be sure, O'Brien's prohibition on inquiring into legislative motives is subject to a few limited exceptions,
Second, Plaintiffs appear to argue that the Court need not inquire into legislative motives in the first place because the statements of certain government officials, standing alone, clearly establish the retaliatory nature of the challenged savings plan. In particular, Plaintiffs make much of the fact that prior to the vote on the savings plan, Councilmember Elrich appeared to blame the LFRDs for the defeat of Bill 13-10 and expressed a desire to further cut their funding as apparent punishment for their opposition to the EMST fee. (First Am. Compl. ¶ 21; Pls.' Opp'n at 9.) The isolated comment of a single legislator, however, is insufficient to adequately state a First Amendment claim based on political retaliation. Indeed, O'Brien involved a situation in which the statements of three legislators evinced an unconstitutional motive, and even then the Supreme Court upheld the challenged law because "[w]hat motivates one legislator to make a speech about a statute is not necessarily what motivates scores of others to enact it." Id. at 384, 88 S.Ct. 1673. The Fourth Circuit echoes this rule: "The individual motives of legislators ... are rarely relevant to a court's consideration of the legitimacy of the legislation. For good reason, courts have not as a general rule found legislation unconstitutional based on the motive of the voting legislators when the legislation is facially constitutional." D.G. Rest. Corp., 953 F.2d at 146. In sum, an alleged illicit legislative motive — even if articulated by one or more legislators — is insufficient to invalidate an otherwise constitutional and generally applicable statute.
It is therefore clear that under the O'Brien line of cases, so long as Montgomery County's budget savings plan is otherwise constitutional, the existence of any alleged illicit legislative motive for enacting it is not a proper subject of judicial inquiry. The obvious question then becomes whether the challenged savings plan is "otherwise constitutional." Although Plaintiffs assert that the enactment was driven by an illicit retaliatory motive, there is no doubt that Defendants had the authority to pass the budget savings plan, and it appears to be a thoroughly ordinary cost savings measure. Nothing about the enactment is facially unconstitutional, and it makes no distinctions on the basis of
Although I have already held that Plaintiffs have not stated a claim under the First Amendment and Article 40, I also note that even if Plaintiffs could rely on alleged legislative motives to challenge the savings plan, individual defendants Leggett and Bowers would still possess legislative immunity from suit. "Local legislators are entitled to absolute immunity from § 1983 liability for their legislative activities." Bogan v. Scott-Harris, 523 U.S. 44, 54, 118 S.Ct. 966, 140 L.Ed.2d 79 (1998). Moreover, "officials outside the legislative branch are entitled to legislative immunity when they perform legislative functions." Id. at 55, 118 S.Ct. 966; see also Marylanders for Fair Representation v. Schaefer, 144 F.R.D. 292, 298 (D.Md. 1992) ("It is the function of the government official that determines whether or not he is entitled to legislative immunity, not his title."). Whether a particular act is legislative "turns on the nature of the act, rather than on the motive or intent of the official performing it," and "legislative immunity attaches to all actions taken `in the sphere of legitimate legislative activity.'" Bogan, 523 U.S. at 54, 118 S.Ct. 966 (quoting Tenney v. Brandhove, 341 U.S. 367, 376, 71 S.Ct. 783, 95 L.Ed. 1019 (1951)). Using this functional approach, the Supreme Court has held that a town mayor was entitled to legislative immunity because his "introduction of a budget and signing into law an ordinance were formally legislative, even though he was an executive official." Id. at 55, 118 S.Ct. 966.
Although neither Leggett nor Bowers are elected legislators, their inclusion as named defendants in this case stems from actions that were legislative in nature. Leggett is named as a defendant because he proposed and submitted to the County Council the challenged budgetary legislation. (First Am. Compl. ¶¶ 11-12.) The Montgomery County Charter states that, as part of the budgetary process, the "County Executive shall submit to the Council ... comprehensive six-year programs for public services and fiscal policy." Montgomery County, Md., Code § 302; Haub v. Montgomery Cnty., 353 Md. 448, 727 A.2d 369, 370 (1999). The County Code of Regulations further specifies that the County Executive must review the Fire Chief's budget recommendations and submit them to the County Council. COMCOR § 21-22(c). This is what Leggett
Bowers is named as a defendant because he gave allegedly misleading testimony during a session of the County Council just prior to the vote that approved the budget savings plan. (First Am. Compl. ¶ 20.) In Bogan, the Supreme Court reaffirmed that "legislative immunity attaches to all actions taken `in the sphere of legitimate legislative activity.'" Bogan, 523 U.S. at 54, 118 S.Ct. 966 (quoting Tenney v. Brandhove, 341 U.S. 367, 376, 71 S.Ct. 783, 95 L.Ed. 1019 (1951)). In interpreting Bogan's directive that "legislative immunity attaches to all actions taken in the sphere of legitimate legislative activity," 523 U.S. at 54, 118 S.Ct. 966, courts have held that "speaking before a legislative body" is "of course" a type of legislative activity to which absolute immunity applies. See Baraka v. McGreevey, 481 F.3d 187, 196 (3d Cir.2007); (cf. United States v. Johnson, 383 U.S. 169, 184-85, 86 S.Ct. 749, 15 L.Ed.2d 681 (1966)). Accordingly, the doctrine of legislative immunity likewise shields Bowers from suit in this case.
Plaintiffs contend, however, that Leggett and Bowers do not enjoy legislative immunity because their challenged actions were taken in their administrative capacities. Specifically, Plaintiffs assert that Bowers neglected his administrative responsibilities to "treat the LFRDs fairly and equally" and that Leggett authorized the cuts to LFRD funding "in his executive capacity, albeit rubbing up against the cloak of legislative immunity." (Pls.' Opp'n at 25.) Courts have emphatically rejected this so-called "backdoor approach" to interpreting the legislative immunity doctrine:
Rateree v. Rockett, 852 F.2d 946, 950 (7th Cir.1988). I agree with the holding in Rateree and will not permit Plaintiffs to skirt the boundaries of the legislative immunity doctrine simply by reframing certain traditionally legislative acts as "administrative."
In Count III, Plaintiffs allege that they suffered a "wrongful and abusive discharge from employment" at the hands of the County, Leggett, and Bowers. (First Am. Compl. ¶ 43.) "Maryland does recognize a cause of action for abusive discharge by an employer of an at will employee when the motivation for the discharge contravenes some clear mandate of public policy." Adler v. Am. Standard Corp., 291 Md. 31, 432 A.2d 464, 473 (1981). "To state a claim for abusive or wrongful discharge, a plaintiff must allege that (1) she was discharged; (2) her discharge violated a clear mandate of public policy; and, (3) there is a nexus between the employee's conduct and the employer's decision to fire the employee." Miller v. Hamm, CCB-10-243, 2011 WL 9185, at *11, 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 141, at *40 (D.Md. Jan. 3, 2011). I need not determine whether Plaintiffs have satisfied each of these elements, however, because the individual Plaintiffs were employees of the independent LFRDs, not the County. Therefore, the County cannot be held liable on an abusive discharge claim.
The County Code of Regulations states that "[e]mployees of local fire and rescue departments who are paid with tax funds are not County employees." COMCOR § 21-16(a). Moreover, the individual Plaintiffs were discharged by the independent LFRDs, not the County. (See Bowers Letter, Pls.' Ex. 3 [e]xplaining that the County would not be funding administrative positions, but that each LFRD must "determine if the LFRD will retain your employee or effect a Reduction in Force (RIF)"; see also KVFD Termination Letter, Defs.' Ex. L ["your employment will be terminated at the close of business on February 11, 2011"].) Plaintiffs nonetheless argue that they were "de facto dual employees" of the LFRDs and the County, pointing out that they held positions funded by the County, received pay and benefits comparable to those of County employees, and were entitled to the protections of the Montgomery County Personnel Regulations. (First Am. Compl. ¶ 8.) The County Code of Regulations anticipates and expressly forecloses such an argument:
COMCOR § 21-16(c).
This case is also easily distinguishable from Newell v. Runnels, 407 Md. 578, 967 A.2d 729 (2009), a case brought under the Fair Labor Standards Act ("FLSA") in which the court granted "dual employee" status to the plaintiffs. That holding was premised on the court giving the term "employer" an "expansive interpretation in order to effectuate the FLSA's broad remedial purposes." Id. at 771. Because the instant case does not involve the FLSA, and because Plaintiffs have cited no authority suggesting that a similarly "expansive interpretation" of the term "employer" is warranted for abusive discharge claims, Newell's holding has only limited relevance to the facts of this case.
In Count I, Plaintiffs assert a claim against Defendants for failure to comply with the reduction in force ("RIF") procedures set forth in Section 30 of the Montgomery County Personnel Regulations ("MCPR"). In Count V, Plaintiffs seek a writ of mandamus compelling Defendants to comply with the RIF procedures set forth in the MCPR. These claims fail for the same reason as the abusive discharge claim — namely, that Plaintiffs are employees of the independent LFRDs, not the County. Accordingly, it is the LFRDs who therefore must comply with the provisions set forth in Section 30 of the MCPR, as they were the entity enacting the RIF. Indeed, this fact apparently was understood by both parties at the time of the RIF. Soon after the budget cuts were announced, Bowers sent a letter to LFRD leaders encouraging them to "reference Section 30 of the [MCPR] to process a RIF, if your LFRD elects to take this course of action." (Bowers Letter, Pls.' Ex. 3.) Likewise, at least one LFRD acknowledged that it was bound by Section 30's RIF requirements in a termination letter sent to its employee: "the Montgomery County Personnel Regulations, Section 30-9 require KVFD to notify you that your employment will be terminated." (KVFD Termination Letter, Defs.' Ex. L.) For these reasons, Plaintiffs fail to state a claim against Defendants under Section 30's RIF requirements.
Because I find that Plaintiffs have failed to state a claim against Defendants, I will grant Defendants' Motion to Dismiss pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). A separate order implementing this judgment is being entered herewith.
For the reasons stated in the Opinion being entered herewith, it is, this 31st day of May, 2011, ORDERED that defendant Montgomery County's Motion to Dismiss the First Amended Complaint (document 17) is granted.